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## 4. The Concrete Derivation Tree

Before defining the mapping onto terms and how the depth grammar is derived from a Styx language definition, a closer look on the result of the parsing process appears to be helpful.

Conceptually, we distinguish between the concrete derivation tree, i.e. the derivation tree that corresponds to both the parsed source and to the surface grammar as specified in the context free grammar section in the Styx source file. See the derivation tree above for an example how this tree looks like.

To be a little more formal, the tree is made up from nodes which represent either terminals (tokens, keywords,comments) or non-terminals, which may have a list of nodes as their children. Each node contains a source reference (filename,line,column), where it's text in the source starts.

Terminal nodes contain the symbol that represents the (normalized) token literally together with a symbol that names the regular set to which it belongs. Non-terminal nodes contain both the non-terminal and the production symbol.

Excurse on comments: While the location of keywords and (real) tokens within this tree is already clearly defined by the grammar and the source itself, the placement of comments within this tree could be somewhat arbitrary. This comes from the fact that comments are accepted by the parser and added to the tree whenever they appear in the source. That's intended and OK so far. Now, if a comment appears at the beginning of a non-terminal production (node), we have to chose a proper place for it, which can be either the beginning of the current node or a place immediate before the node in the list of the parent node. When designing the Styx parser we've chosen the later. Note that this rule applies recursively (and likely, when the comment is in the end of a production), so that a comment node will never appear in the beginning or end of an inner node. Note that, though it is a formally satisfying convention (all comments have normal places), this may be wrong when looking at the comments themselves. E.g. looking at a comment in a C source, this refers to decide whether a comment belongs to the following function or is a comment separating a group of functions. Depending on this the comment might better be placed lower or higher within the tree. The section about pretty printing deals with this issue in more detail.

Now, that the structure of the concrete derivation tree is outlined and after having had a look on an example tree, it should be clear to the reader that this structure is not useful for accessing parts of the sources in general. (A proper interface to this structure exists anyway. There are of course cases when, for example, having access to the position of a specific keyword or a comment may make very much sense.) Instead, we would normally prefer to have a more abstract view onto the tree, especially, we do not like to be bugged by keywords, comments, identical productions (those of the form "let X :y: Z") and likely features that we consider to belong to the language surface.

On one side we want to abstract from some of the details, on the other hand we also like to become more concrete. It normally does not help very much to have universal derivation tree type and functions that apply on any node. Instead, we want use the notations (non-terminal names and productions) as introduced in the grammar when dealing with the tree. This leads to the question how a proper interface to the derivation tree can be constructed. The Styx implementation has chosen to do this by using the concept of a depth grammar.

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